Does age play a factor in parenteral nutrition induced liver disease and/or cholestasis even among reducing lipid emulsions?

It’s said that cholestasis resulting in parenteral nutrition associated liver disease (PNALD) is found among babies and young children (1).

- How does this affect those of other ages and/or those with growth delays?

- How does age impact the risk of liver disease alongside long term PN use?

Source:

  1. Jolin-Dahel, K., Ferretti, E., Montiveros, C., Grenon, R., Barrowman, N., & Jimenez-Rivera, C. (2013). Parenteral nutrition-induced cholestasis in neonates: where does the problem lie?. Gastroenterology research and practice, 2013, 163632. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/163632.

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What quality of life research is available for those on long term TPN?